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Report: Cryptography Browse:   Related Search: Themes: · global networks · global digital security Keywords: · cryptography · information security · standardization · privacy

WORLD-INFOSTRUCTURE > CRYPTOGRAPHY > SO WHAT DOES CRYPTOGRAPHY MEAN?

So what does cryptography mean? cryptography: It is the study of encryption, the art/science to create and use codes and/or ciphers with the purpose of enciphering as well as deciphering. After a relatively vivid but slow development of cryptography for nearly 4.000 years the inventions of the telegraph, radio and computer had a high impact on the velocity of further inventions concerning encryption. Most of the time economic, political or military reasons lie behind the necessity of encryption. As visible from the timetable cryptography it is also done for private and individual interests. An extraordinary example for this is the Braille Code, developed as a possibility for blind people to read and write. A lot of very interesting and intelligent websites about cryptography can be found in the Internet.Some websites offering links to various cryptography-websites are: http://www.ciia.org/links.htm http://www.isse.gmu.edu/~njohnson/Security/stegres.htm http://www.hack.gr/users/dij/crypto/links.html http://www.achiever.com/freehmpg/cryptology/lessons.html http://www.iks-jena.de/mitarb/lutz/security/links.html http://world.std.com/~franl/crypto/ http://home.tu-clausthal.de/~inas/Links.html http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/crypto-security.html http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/xref/0,5716,5453,00.html http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rak/web_sites.html Further there exists a wide range of web-magazines/newsletters/mailing lists on cryptography, e.g.: Crypto-Gram Newsletter: http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram.html Journal of Computer Security: http://www.gocsi.com/m_form.htm Cypherpunks: http://www.inet-one.com/cypherpunks/ Stegano-L: http://www.thur.de/ulf/stegano/sub.html ZD Internet Magazine: http://www.zdnet.com/ browse Report: Cryptography     Abstract  ... -3   Timeline 1900-1970 AD -2   Timeline 1970-2000 AD -1   Cryptography's Terms and background 0   So what does cryptography mean? +1   some essential definitions +2   Key-Systems +3   Asymmetric or Public-Key-Cryptosystems      ... Epilogue  INDEX CARD     RESEARCH MATRIX  Liability of ISPs ISPs (Internet Service Provider), BBSs (Bulletin Board Service Operators), systems operators and other service providers (in the U.S.) can usually be hold liable for infringing activities that take place through their facilities under three theories: 1) direct liability: to establish direct infringement liability there must be some kind of a direct volitional act, 2) contributory liability: a party may be liable for contributory infringement where "... with knowledge of the infringing activity, [it] induces, causes or materially contributes to the infringing activity of another." Therefore a person must know or have reason to know that the subject matter is copyrighted and that particular uses violated copyright law. There must be a direct infringement of which the contributory infringer has knowledge, and encourages or facilitates for contributory infringement to attach, and 3) vicarious liability: a party may be vicariously liable for the infringing acts of another if it a) has the right and ability to control the infringer's acts and b) receives a direct financial benefit from the infringement. Unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability.