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Selection of Independent Content Provider |
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The following selection does not claim to present an exhaustive listing, but rather picks some of the most interesting provider of independent content.
Independent Content Provider
| URL
| Classification of Content
| Association for Progressive Communication (APC)
| http://www.apc.org
| Social issues, environment, economy, Africa, women
| ZaMir.net
| http://www.zamir.net
| Anti-war, human rights (Yugoslavia)
| Institute for Global Communications (IGC)
| http://www.igc.org
| Peace, economy, human rights, democracy, environment, women, anti-racism
| FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting)
| http://www.fair.org
| Media
| ZNet
| http://www.zmag.org
| Selection: culture, community/race/religion/ethnicity, ecology, economics/class, gender/kinship/sexuality, government/polity, international relations
| B2-92
| http://www.freeb92.net
| Politics
| FREEnet (The Network for Research, Education and Engineering)
| http://www.free.net
| Research/academic/education
| c2o (Community Communications Online)
| http://www.c20.org
| Environment, social issues, human rights
| Antenna
| http://antenna.apc.org
| Development co-operation/emergency aid, environment, ecology, energy, media, art, culture
| PERDCA (The Project for Economic Reform and Development in Central Asia)
| http://www.silk.org
| Telecommunications, education, medicine
| Comlink
| http://www.comlink.org
| Peace, ecology, social issues, human rights
| Adbusters
| http://www.adbusters.org
| Culture, art
| RTMark
| http://www.rtmark.com
| Culture, art
| Interdoc
| http://www.oneworld.org/interdoc/
| Labor, human rights, development, environment, peace
| GreenNet
| http://www.gn.apc.org
| Environment, peace, human rights, development
| UN (United Nations)
| http://www.un.org
| Peace, economy, social issues, development, justice, human rights, international law, humanitarian assistance and various specialized agencies
| Flipside
| http://www.flipside.org
| Economic, political, social, environmental
| Human Rights Watch
| http://www.hrw.org
| Human rights
| nettime
| http://www.nettime.org
| Culture
| FoeBud e.V. (Verein zur Förderung des öffentlichen bewegten und unbewegten Datenverkehrs e.V.)
| http://www.foebud.org
| Research, politics, culture, arts, future/technology
| Corporate Watch
| http://www.corpwatch.org
| Social issues, politics, economy, environment
| Overcoming Consumerism
| http://www.hooked.net/users/verdant/index.htm
| Social issues, economy, environment
| NewsWatch
| http://www.asc.upenn.edu/usr/jsexton/NewsWatch/
| Media
| IFEX (International Freedom of Expression Exchange)
| http://www.ifex.org
| Media, human rights
| FAS (Federation of American Scientists)
| http://www.fas.org
| Science, technology, public policy
| UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
| http://www.unesco.org
| Education, science, culture, communication
| Umwelt
| http://www.umwelt.org
| Environment
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ARPAnet
ARPAnet was the small network of individual computers connected by leased lines that marked the beginning of today's global data networks. Being an experimental network mainly serving the purpose to test the feasibility of  wide area networks, the possibility of remote computing, it was created for resource sharing between research institutions, not for messaging services like E-mail. Although research was sponsored by US military, ARPAnet was not designed for directly martial use but to support military-related research.
In 1969 ARPANET went online and links the first two computers, one of them located at the University of California, Los Angeles, the other at the Stanford Research Institute.
But ARPAnet has not become widely accepted before it was demonstrated in action to a public of computer experts at the First International Conference on Computers and Communication in Washington, D. C. in 1972.
Before it was decommissioned in 1990, NSFnet, a network of scientific and academic computers funded by the National Science Foundation, and a separate new military network went online in 1986. In 1988 the first private Internet service providers offered a general public access to NSFnet. Beginning in 1995, after having become the backbone of the Internet in the USA, NSFnet was turned over to a consortium of commercial backbone providers. This and the launch of the World Wide Web added to the success of the global data network we call the Net.
In the USA commercial users already outnumbered military and academic users in 1994.
Despite the rapid growth of the Net, most computers linked to it are still located in the United States.
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