| |
The Advertising Industry |
 |
The advertising industry is dominated by three huge advertising networks, which offer their services throughout the world. Gross income of the three leading agencies is twice as much, as the one of places four to ten.
Table: World's Top 10 Advertising Organizations 1999
(figures in millions of U.S. dollars)
Rank 1999
| Advertising Organization
| Headquarters
| World-Wide Gross Income 1999
| 1
| Omnicom
| New York, USA
| $ 5,743.4
| 2
| Interpublic Group of Cos.
| New York, USA
| $ 5,079.3
| 3
| WPP Group
| London, UK
| $ 4,819.3
| 4
| Havas Advertising
| Levallois-Perret, France
| $ 2,385.1
| 5
| Dentsu
| Tokyo, Japan
| $ 2,106.8
| 6
| B Com3 Group
| Chicago, USA
| $ 1,933.8
| 7
| Young & Rubicam Inc.
| New York, USA
| $ 1,870.1
| 8
| Grey Advertising
| New York, USA
| $ 1,577.9
| 9
| True North
| Chicago, USA
| $ 1,489.2
| 10
| Publicis SA
| Paris, France
| $ 1,434.6
| |
Table: Top 10 Global Marketers 1998
(figures in millions of U.S. dollars)
Rank 1998
| Advertiser
| Headquarters
| World-Wide Media Spending 1998
| 1
| Procter & Gamble Co.
| Cincinnati (US)
| $ 4,747.6
| 2
| Unilever
| Rotterdam (NL)/London (UK)
| $ 3,428.5
| 3
| General Motors Corp.
| Detroit (US)
| $ 3,193.5
| 4
| Ford Motor Co.
| Darborn (US)
| $ 2,229.5
| 5
| Philip Morris Cos.
| New York
| $ 1,980.3
| 6
| Daimler Chrysler
| Stuttgart (GER)/Auburn Hills (US
| $ 1,922.2
| 7
| Nestle
| Vevey (SUI)
| $ 1,833.0
| 8
| Toyota Motor Corp.
| Toyota City (JP)
| $ 1,692.4
| 9
| Sony Corp.
| Tokyo (JP)
| $ 1,337.7
| 10
| Coca-Cola Co.
| Atlanta (US)
| $ 1,327.3
| |
On the other hand the three biggest advertisers only spend about US$ 2 millions less than places four to ten together. Whereas money spent on advertising in traditional media comes from very diverse categories, companies offering computer hard- and software, peripherals or Internet services mainly pay for on-line advertisements.
Table: Top 10 Internet Advertisers 1998
(figures in millions of U.S. dollars)
Rank 1998
| Advertiser
| Internet Spending 1998
| 1998 - 1997 % Change
| 1
| Microsoft Corp.
| $ 34.9
| 9.4
| 2
| IBM Corp.
| $ 28.5
| 58.6
| 3
| Compaq Computer Corp.
| $ 16.2
| 169.8
| 4
| General Motors Corp.
| $ 12.7
| 84.8
| 5
| Excite
| $ 12.4
| 1.5
| 6
| Infoseek Corp.
| $ 9.3
| 22.3
| 7
| AT&T Corp.
| $ 9.3
| 43.5
| 8
| Ford Motor Co.
| $ 8.6
| 46.7
| 9
| Hewlett-Packard Co.
| $ 8.1
| 102.9
| 10
| Barnes & Noble
| $ 7.6
| 280.2
| |
Source: Advertising Age
|
|
 |
|
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of a transmitted communications signal is a measure of the range of frequencies the signal occupies. The term is also used in reference to the frequency-response characteristics of a communications receiving system. All transmitted signals, whether analog or digital, have a certain bandwidth. The same is true of receiving systems.
Generally speaking, bandwidth is directly proportional to the amount of data transmitted or received per unit time. In a qualitative sense, bandwidth is proportional to the complexity of the data for a given level of system performance. For example, it takes more bandwidth to download a photograph in one second than it takes to download a page of text in one second. Large sound files, computer programs, and animated videos require still more bandwidth for acceptable system performance. Virtual reality (VR) and full-length three-dimensional audio/visual presentations require the most bandwidth of all.
In digital systems, bandwidth is data speed in bits per second (bps).
Source: Whatis.com
|
|
|
