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ECHELON and COMSAT |
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COMSAT
Communications Satellite Cooperation
 http://www.comsat.com/
Until
this decade the U.S.-based Comsat, Intelsat and Inmarsat
organizations, in fact, shared nearly all international satellite
traffic. So it was easy for NSA to eavesdropping on all
communications to and from the United states. Less than 60 miles from
Sugar Grove COMSAT runs a station in Etam, West Virginia, where more
than half of the commercial, international satellite communication
entering and leaving the US each day pass by. COMSAT provides
international communications solutions via the global, 19-satellite
INTELSAT system and 4-satellite Inmarsat satellite systems .
Through
the INTELSAT system, COMSAT provides telecommunications,
broadcast and digital networking services between the U.S. and the
rest of the world. These services are used by Internet service
providers, multinational corporations, telecommunications carriers
and U.S. and foreign governments to extend their networks globally.
Inmarsat
satellites lie in geostationary orbit 22,223 miles (35,786 km) out in
space. Each satellite covers up to one third of the Earth's surface
and is strategically positioned above one of the four ocean regions.
Calls
are beamed up to the satellite and back down to Earth, where special
gateway land earth stations re-route them through the appropriate
local or international telephone network. COMSAT operates Earth
Stations in each part of the world to route calls efficiently within
each ocean region. Earth Stations are located in Santa Paula,
California; Southbury, Connecticut; Ankara, Turkey; and Kuantan,
Malaysia.
Sugar
Grove Naval Communications Facility, near Sugar Grove, WV, may
intercept Pacific INTELSAT/COMSAT satellite communications traffic
routed through the COMSAT ground station at Etam, WV.
NSG
station in Winter Harbor, Maine serves as an excellent
platform from which to intercept signals to and from COMSATs Andover
station, 125 miles to the west.
On
the Westcost, COMSATs northern groundstation is situated in Brewster,
near to Yakima, so from the Yakima Research Station the
Pacific INTELSAT communications traffic can be intercepted.
The
other west-coast station is in Jamesburg, California, not so far away
from the Army Security Agency intercept station at Two Rock Ranch.
The
international communications network with its limited gateways will
probably always be easier to monitor than the large domestic networks
like in the US. But the use of microwave and domestic satellites is
increasing, and the construction of land lines is decreasing.
Sources:
STOA
Report by Duncan Campbell: Interception Capabilities 2000
http://www.gn.apc.org/duncan/stoa.htm
James
Bamford, The Puzzle Palace, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1982,p222-228
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Expert system
Expert systems are advanced computer programs that mimic the knowledge and reasoning capabilities of an expert in a particular discipline. Their creators strive to clone the expertise of one or several human specialists to develop a tool that can be used by the layman to solve difficult or ambiguous problems. Expert systems differ from conventional computer programs as they combine facts with rules that state relations between the facts to achieve a crude form of reasoning analogous to  artificial intelligence. The three main elements of expert systems are: (1) an interface which allows interaction between the system and the user, (2) a database (also called the knowledge base) which consists of axioms and rules, and (3) the inference engine, a computer program that executes the inference-making process. The disadvantage of rule-based expert systems is that they cannot handle unanticipated events, as every condition that may be encountered must be described by a rule. They also remain limited to narrow problem domains such as troubleshooting malfunctioning equipment or medical image interpretation, but still have the advantage of being much lower in costs compared with paying an expert or a team of specialists.
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