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 WORLD-INFOSTRUCTURE > SLAVE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS
  1. Introduction: The Substitution of Human Faculties with Technology: Early Tools
  2. Introduction: The Substitution of Human Faculties with Technology: Powered Machines
  3. Introduction: The Substitution of Human Faculties with Technology: Computers and Robots
  4. Introduction: The Substitution of Human Faculties with Technology: Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
  5. Early Tools and Machines
  6. The 17th Century: The Invention of the First "Computers"
  7. The 18th Century: Powered Machines and the Industrial Revolution
  8. The 19th Century: Machine-Assisted Manufacturing
  9. The 19th Century: First Programmable Computing Devices
  10. 1913: Henry Ford and the Assembly Line
  11. 1940s - Early 1950s: First Generation Computers
  12. 1950: The Turing Test
  13. 1940s - 1950s: The Development of Early Robotics Technology
  14. 1950s: The Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research
  15. Late 1950s - Early 1960s: Second Generation Computers
  16. 1961: Installation of the First Industrial Robot
  17. Late 1960s - Early 1970s: Third Generation Computers
  18. 1960s - 1970s: Increased Research in Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  19. 1960s - 1970s: Expert Systems Gain Attendance
  20. 1970s: Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
  21. Late 1970s - Present: Fourth Generation Computers
  22. 1980s: Artificial Intelligence (AI) - From Lab to Life
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Feedback
In biology, feedback refers to a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Similar usage prevails in mathematics, particularly in several areas of communication theory. In every instance, part of the output is fed back as new input to modify and improve the subsequent output of a system. The importance of feedback mechanisms has also been pointed out by Norbert Wiener. He theorized that all intelligent behavior is the result of feedback mechanisms and that they could therefore contribute to the creation artificial intelligence.