1950: The Turing Test
 Alan Turing, an English mathematician and logician, advocated the theory that eventually computers could be created that would be capable of human thought. To cut through the long philosophical debate about exactly how to define thinking he proposed the "imitation game" (1950), now known as Turing test. His test consisted of a person asking questions via keyboard to both a person and an intelligent machine within a fixed time frame. After a series of tests the computers success at "thinking" could be measured by its probability of being misidentified as the human subject. Still today Turing's papers on the subject are widely acknowledged as the foundation of research in artificial intelligence.
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The Big Five of Commercial Media
After a number of mergers and acquisitions five powerful media conglomerates lead the world's content production and distribution. They operate on an international basis with subsidiaries all around the globe and engage in every imaginable kind of media industry.
Table: The World's Leading Media Companies
Media Company
| 1998 Revenues
(in US$)
| Property/Corporate Information
| AOL Time Warner (US)
| 26,838.000.000*
| http://www.timewarner.com/corp/about/timewarnerinc/corporate/index.html
| Disney (US)
| 22,976.000.000
| http://www.disney.com
| Bertelsmann (GER)
| 16,389.000.000
| http://www.bertelsmann.com/facts/report/report.cfm
|  News Corporation (AUS)
| 12,841.000.000
| http://www.newscorp.com/public/cor/cor_m.htm
| Viacom (US)
| 12,100.000.000
| http://www.viacom.com/global.tin
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(* Revenues of Time Warner only (merger with AOL took place in January 2000)
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP and IP are the two most important protocols and communication standards. TCP provides reliable message-transmission service; IP is the key protocol for specifying how packets are routed around the Internet.
More detailed information can be found  here
 http://www.anu.edu/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Pri...
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IBM
IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) manufactures and develops cumputer hardware equipment, application and sysem software, and related equipment.
IBM produced the first PC (Personal Computer), and its decision to make Microsoft DOS the standard operating system initiated Microsoft's rise to global dominance in PC software.
Business indicators:
1999 Sales: $ 86,548 (+ 7,2 % from 1998)
Market capitalization: $ 181 bn
Employees: approx. 291,000
Corporate website: www.ibm.com
http://www.ibm.com/
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