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Acessing the Internet |
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The Net connections can be based on wire-line and wireless access technolgies.
Usually several kinds of network connections are employed at once. Generally speaking, when an E-mail message is sent it travels from the user's computer via copper wires or coaxial cables  ISDN lines, etc., to an Internet Service Provider, from there, via fibre-optic cables, to the nearest Internet exchange, and on into a backbone network, tunneling across the continent und diving through submarine fibre-optic cables across the Atlantic to another Internet exchange, from there, via another backbone network and across another regional network to the Internet Service Provider of the supposed message recipient, from there via cables and wires of different bandwidth arriving at its destination, a workstation permanently connected to the Internet. Finally a sound or flashing icon informs your virtual neighbor that a new message has arrived.
Satellite communication
Although facing competition from fiber-optic cables as cost-effective solutions for broadband data transmission services, the space industry is gaining increasing importance in global communications. As computing, telephony, and audiovisual technologies converge, new wireless technologies are rapidly deployed occupying an increasing market share and accelerating the construction of high-speed networks.
Privatization of satellite communication
Until recently transnational satellite communication was provided exclusively by intergovernmental organizations as Intelsat, Intersputnik and Inmarsat.
Scheduled privatization of intergovernmental satellite consortia:
Satellite consortia
| Year of foundation
| Members
| Scheduled date for privatization
| Intelsat
| 1964
| 200 nations under the leadership of the USA
| 2001
| Intersputnik
| 1971
| 23 nations under the leadership of Russia
| ?
| Inmarsat
| 1979
| 158 nations (all members of the International Maritime Organization)
| privatized since 1999
| Eutelsat
| 1985
| Nearly 50 European nations
| 2001
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When Intelsat began to accumulate losses because of management failures and the increasing market share of fiber-optic cables, this organizational scheme came under attack. Lead by the USA, the Western industrialized countries successfully pressed for the privatization of all satellite consortia they are members of and for competition by private carriers.
As of February 2000, there are 2680 satellites in service. Within the next four years a few hundred will be added by the new private satellite systems. Most of these systems will be so-called Low Earth Orbit satellite systems, which are capable of providing global mobile data services on a high-speed level at low cost.
Because of such technological improvements and increasing competition, experts expect satellite-based broadband communication to be as common, cheap, and ubiquitous as satellite TV today within the next five or ten years.
Major satellite communication projects
Project name
| Main investors
| Expected cost
| Number of satellites
| Date of service start-up
| Astrolink
| Lockheed Martin, TRW, Telespazio, Liberty Media Group
| US$ 3.6 billion
| 9
| 2003
| Globalstar
| 13 investors including Loral Space & Communications, Qualcomm, Hyundai, Alcatel, France Telecom, China Telecom, Daimler Benz and Vodafone/Airtouch
| US$ 3.26 billion
| 48
| 1998
| ICO
| 57 investors including British Telecom, Deutsche Telecom, Inmarsat, TRW and Telefonica
| US$ 4.5 billion
| 10
| 2001
| Skybridge
| 9 investors including Alcatel Space, Loral Space & Communications, Toshiba, Mitsubishi and Sharp
| US$ 6.7 billion
| 80
| 2002
| Teledesic
| Bill Gates, Craig McCaw, Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdul Aziz Alsaud, Abu Dhabi Investment Company
| US$ 9 billion
| 288
| 2004
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Source: Analysys Satellite Communications Database
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National Science Foundation (NSF)
Established in 1950, the National Science Foundation is an independent agency of the U.S. government dedicated to the funding in basic research and education in a wide range of sciences and in mathematics and engineering. Today, the NSF supplies about one quarter of total federal support of basic scientific research at academic institutions.
 http://www.nsf.gov
For more detailed information see the Encyclopaedia Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/0/0,5716,2450+1+2440,00.html
 http://www.nsf.gov/
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