Further Tools: Photography Art has always contributed a lot to disinformation. Many modern tools for disinformation are used in art/photography. Harold D. Lasswell once stated that propaganda was cheaper than violence. Today this is no longer true. Technology has created new tools for propaganda and disinformation - and they are expensive. But by now our possibilities to manipulate pictures and stories have gone so far that it can get difficult to tell the difference between the original and a manipulation. Trillions of photographs have been taken in the 20th century. Too many to look at, too many to control them and their use. A paradise for manipulation. We have to keep in mind: There is the world, and there exist pictures of the world, which does not mean that both are the same thing. Photographs are not objective, because the photographer selects the part of the world which is becoming a picture. The rest is left out. Some tools for manipulation of photography are: retouch cutting colouring blue box montage morphing (71) wet operation (73) neutralizing (74) masks (75) damnatio memoriae (78) Some of those are digital ways of manipulation, which helps to change pictures in many ways without showing the manipulation. Pictures taken from the internet could be anything and come from anywhere. To proof the source is nearly impossible. Therefore scientists created on watermarks for pictures, which make it impossible to "steal" or manipulate a picture out of the net.

TEXTBLOCK 1/3 // URL: http://world-information.org/wio/infostructure/100437611661/100438658730

World War II ... Never before propaganda had been as important as in the 2nd World War. From now on education was one more field of propaganda: its purpose was to teach how to think, while pure propaganda was supposed to show what to think. Every nation founded at least one ministry of propaganda - of course without calling it that way. For example the British called it the Ministry of Information (= MOI), the U.S. distinguished between the Office of Strategic Services (= OSS) and the Office of War Information (= OWI), the Germans created a Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment (= RMVP) and the Japanese called their disinformation and propaganda campaign the "Thought War". British censorship was so strict that the text of an ordinary propaganda leaflet, that had been dropped from planes several million times, was not given to a journalist who asked for it. Atrocity stories were no longer used the same way as in the 1st World War. Instead, black propaganda was preferred, especially to separate the Germans from their leaders. German war propaganda had started long before the war. In the middle of the 1930s Leni Riefenstahl filmed Hitler best propaganda movies. For the most famous one, "Triumph of the Will" (1935), she was the only professional filmier who was allowed to make close-up pictures of her admirer. Some of the pictures of fear, hatred and intolerance still exist in people's heads. Considering this propaganda did a good job, unfortunately it was the anti-national-socialist propaganda that failed at that time.

TEXTBLOCK 2/3 // URL: http://world-information.org/wio/infostructure/100437611661/100438658610

ECHELON Main Stations Location Country Target/Task Relations MORWENSTOW UK INTELSAT, Atlantic, Europe, Indian Ocean NSA, GCHQ SUGAR GROVE USA INTELSAT, Atlantic, North and South America NSA YAKIMA FIRING CENTER USA INTELSAT, Pacific NSA WAIHOPAI NEW ZEALAND INTELSAT, Pacific NSA, GCSB GERALDTON AUSTRALIA INTELSAT, Pacific NSA, DSD MENWITH HILL UK Sat, Groundstation, Microwave(land based) NSA, GCHQ SHOAL BAY AUSTRALIA Indonesian Sat NSA, DSD LEITRIM CANADA Latin American Sat NSA, CSE BAD AIBLING GERMANY Sat, Groundstation NSA MISAWA JAPAN Sat NSA PINE GAP AUSTRALIA Groundstation CIA FORT MEADE USA Dictionary Processing NSA Headquarters WASHINGTON USA Dictionary Processing NSA OTTAWA CANADA Dictionary Processing CSE CHELTENHAM UK Dictionary Processing GCHQ CANBERRA AUSTRALIA Dictionary Processing DSD WELLINGTON NEW ZEALAND Dictionary Processing GCSB Headquarters

TEXTBLOCK 3/3 // URL: http://world-information.org/wio/infostructure/100437611746/100438659207

Slobodan Milosevic Slobodan Milosevic (* 1941) is a Serbian political leader. As a young man S. Milosevic joined the Communist Party, in 1984 the banker became head of the local Communist Party of Belgrade, in 1987 head of the Serb CP. Since 1989 he has been president of Serbia (since 1997 president of the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). During his reign the Yugoslav Republic broke up, bringing about the independence of Slovenia and Croatia and the war in Bosnia. In 1998 the Kosovo Crisis started.

INDEXCARD, 1/3

Nero Nero's full name was Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (37-68 AD). Nero was Roman Emperor from 54-68 AD; during the first years in power he stood under the influence of his teacher Seneca. In this period he was very successful in inner politics and abroad, for example in Britannia. Soon he changed into a selfish dictator, had his brother, mother and wife killed and probably burnt Rome, blaming the Christians for it. More than in political affairs he was interested in arts. when he was dismissed in 68, he committed suicide.

INDEXCARD, 2/3

Java Applets Java applets are small programs that can be sent along with a Web page to a user. Java applets can perform interactive animations, immediate calculations, or other simple tasks without having to send a user request back to the server. They are written in Java, a platform-independent computer language, which was invented by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Source: Whatis.com

INDEXCARD, 3/3