ECHELON Other involved countries Other countries, that are said to be involved in ECHELON: ITALY UKUSA Third Party NATO TURKEY UKUSA Third Party NATO GERMANY UKUSA Third Party NATO JAPAN UKUSA Third Party 1972 Project COMET, 1982 Weinberger show misuse of japanese technology transfer to russia GREECE UKUSA Third Party NATO NORWAY UKUSA Third Party 1950 Genetrix Balloons, 1963 Project South Sea SIGINT stations are operated by personnel of Norwegian Military Intelligence but were erected by the NSA and operated for them. CIA and NSA personnel were regularly on assignment at those stations. DENMARK UKUSA Third Party NATO SOUTH KOREA UKUSA Third Party ? THAILAND UKUSA Third Party ? PAKISTAN CIA covert assistance to Afghan rebels trough Pakistan, mujaahdeen camps : trainers from CIA, ELINT from Soviet Union and South East Asia, FINLAND NSA purchases RADINT from Soviet Union by VKL ISRAEL Mossad, AMAN, CIA, FBI, DIA, NSA, Foreign Technology Division,Foreign Science and Technology Center 1951 James Jesus Angleton CIA MEXICO Soviet embassy interception PHILLIPINES ? CHINA 1970 Kissinger,1978 Abramowitz, basic agreement in 1980, CIA informs China about possible threats from Russia and moslem countries, 2 station were built; another joint project: 9 seismic monitoring stations; ILD and CIA conduct operations against soviet-backed forces in Angola, Cambodia, Afghanistan AUSTRIA UKUSA Third Party ?, ILETS, Enfopol Russia 1990 Iraqi Invasion SOUTH AFRICA 1960 Source: Jeffrey T. Richelson, The U.S. Intelligence Community, (Westview Press, 4th ed., 1999) p278-302

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Expert system Expert systems are advanced computer programs that mimic the knowledge and reasoning capabilities of an expert in a particular discipline. Their creators strive to clone the expertise of one or several human specialists to develop a tool that can be used by the layman to solve difficult or ambiguous problems. Expert systems differ from conventional computer programs as they combine facts with rules that state relations between the facts to achieve a crude form of reasoning analogous to artificial intelligence. The three main elements of expert systems are: (1) an interface which allows interaction between the system and the user, (2) a database (also called the knowledge base) which consists of axioms and rules, and (3) the inference engine, a computer program that executes the inference-making process. The disadvantage of rule-based expert systems is that they cannot handle unanticipated events, as every condition that may be encountered must be described by a rule. They also remain limited to narrow problem domains such as troubleshooting malfunctioning equipment or medical image interpretation, but still have the advantage of being much lower in costs compared with paying an expert or a team of specialists.

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