So what does cryptography mean? cryptography: It is the study of encryption, the art/science to create and use codes and/or ciphers with the purpose of enciphering as well as deciphering. After a relatively vivid but slow development of cryptography for nearly 4.000 years the inventions of the telegraph, radio and computer had a high impact on the velocity of further inventions concerning encryption. Most of the time economic, political or military reasons lie behind the necessity of encryption. As visible from the timetable cryptography it is also done for private and individual interests. An extraordinary example for this is the Braille Code, developed as a possibility for blind people to read and write. A lot of very interesting and intelligent websites about cryptography can be found in the Internet.Some websites offering links to various cryptography-websites are: http://www.ciia.org/links.htm http://www.isse.gmu.edu/~njohnson/Security/stegres.htm http://www.hack.gr/users/dij/crypto/links.html http://www.achiever.com/freehmpg/cryptology/lessons.html http://www.iks-jena.de/mitarb/lutz/security/links.html http://world.std.com/~franl/crypto/ http://home.tu-clausthal.de/~inas/Links.html http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/crypto-security.html http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/xref/0,5716,5453,00.html http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rak/web_sites.html Further there exists a wide range of web-magazines/newsletters/mailing lists on cryptography, e.g.: Crypto-Gram Newsletter: http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram.html Journal of Computer Security: http://www.gocsi.com/m_form.htm Cypherpunks: http://www.inet-one.com/cypherpunks/ Stegano-L: http://www.thur.de/ulf/stegano/sub.html ZD Internet Magazine: http://www.zdnet.com/

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Legal Protection: TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Another important multilateral treaty concerned with intellectual property rights is the TRIPS agreement, which was devised at the inauguration of the Uruguay Round negotiations of the WTO in January 1995. It sets minimum standards for the national protection of intellectual property rights and procedures as well as remedies for their enforcement (enforcement measures include the potential for trade sanctions against non-complying WTO members). The TRIPS agreement has been widely criticized for its stipulation that biological organisms be subject to intellectual property protection. In 1999, 44 nations considered it appropriate to treat plant varieties as intellectual property. The complete TRIPS agreement can be found on: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm1_e.htm

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Java Applets Java applets are small programs that can be sent along with a Web page to a user. Java applets can perform interactive animations, immediate calculations, or other simple tasks without having to send a user request back to the server. They are written in Java, a platform-independent computer language, which was invented by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Source: Whatis.com

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Royalties Royalties refer to the payment made to the owners of certain types of rights by those who are permitted by the owners to exercise the rights. The rights concerned are literary, musical, and artistic copyright and patent rights in inventions and designs (as well as rights in mineral deposits, including oil and natural gas). The term originated from the fact that in Great Britain for centuries gold and silver mines were the property of the crown and such "royal" metals could be mined only if a payment ("royalty") were made to the crown.

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