Copyright Management and Control Systems: Metering Metering systems allow copyright owners to ensure payment to or at the time of a consumer's use of the work. Those technologies include: Hardware Devices Those have to be acquired and installed by the user. For example under a debit card approach, the user purchases a debit card that is pre-loaded with a certain amount of value. After installation, the debit card is debited automatically as the user consumes copyrighted works. Digital Certificates Hereby a certification authority issues to a user an electronic file that identifies the user as the owner of a public key. Those digital certificates, besides information on the identity of the holder can also include rights associated with a particular person. Vendors can so control access system resources, including copyrighted files, by making them available only to users who can provide a digital certificate with specified rights (e.g. access, use, downloading). Centralized Computing Under this approach all of the executables remain at the server. Each time the executable is used, the user's computer must establish contact with the server, allowing the central computer to meter access. Access Codes Access code devices permit users to "unlock" protective mechanisms (e.g. date bombs or functional limitations) embedded in copyrighted works. Copyright owners can meter the usage of their works, either by unlocking the intellectual property for a one-time license fee or by requiring periodic procurement of access codes. Copyright Clearinghouses Under this approach copyright owners would commission "clearinghouses" with the ability to license the use of their works. A user would pay a license fee to obtain rights concerning the intellectual property.

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Netiquette Although referred to as a single body of rules, there is not just one Netiquette, but there are several, though overlapping largely. Proposing general guidelines for posting messages to newsgroups and mailing lists and using the World Wide Web and FTP, Netiquettes address civility topics (i.e., avoiding hate speech) and comprise technical advises (i.e., using simple and platform-independent file formats). Well-known Netiquettes are the Request for Comment #1855 and The Net: User Guidelines and Netiquette by Arlene H. Rinaldi. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1855.txt http://www.fau.edu/netiquette/net/index.html

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