Legal Protection: European Union

Within the EU's goal of establishing a European single market also intellectual property rights are of significance. Therefore the European Commission aims at the harmonization of the respective national laws of the EU member states and for a generally more effective protection of intellectual property on an international level. Over the years it has adopted a variety of Conventions and Directives concerned with different aspects of the protection of industrial property as well as copyright and neighboring rights.

An overview of EU activities relating to intellectual property protection is available on the website of the European Commission (DG Internal Market): http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/intprop/intprop/index.htm

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Fuzzy logic

A superset of Boolean logic (George Boole) introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in the 1960s as a means to model the uncertainty of natural language. Fuzzy logic is a type of logic that recognizes more than simple true and false values. It represents a departure from classical two-valued sets and logic, that use "soft" linguistic (e.g. large, small, hot, cold, warm) system variables and a continuous range of truth values in the interval [0,1], rather than strict binary (true or false) decisions and assignments.

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