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Examples of Mainly Corporate Funded Think Tanks: Cato Institute

Founded in 1977 the Cato Institutes 1998 budget made up US$ 11 million. Its funding consists of corporate and private donations (especially from corporations and executives in the highly regulated industries of financial services, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals industries) and sales of publications.

Catos corporate donors include tobacco firms:

Philip Morris (

Rupert Murdoch sits on Philip Morris board of directors) and

R.J. Reynolds. Financial firms:

American Express,

Chase Manhattan Bank,

Chemical Bank,

Citicorp/Citibank, Commonwealth Fund, Prudential Securities and

Salomon Brothers. Energy conglomerates:

Chevron Companies,

Exxon Company,

Shell Oil Company and Tenneco Gas, as well as the

American Petroleum Institute,

Amoco Foundation and

Atlantic Richfield Foundation. Furthermore the Cato Institute is funded by pharmaceutical firms:

Eli Lilly & Company,

Merck & Company and

Pfizer, Inc., foundations, like Koch, Lambe and Sarah Scaife and companies from the telecommunications sector: Bell Atlantic Network Services, BellSouth Corporation,

Microsoft, NYNEX Corporation,

Sun Microsystems and

Viacom.

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Satellites

Communications satellites are relay stations for radio signals and provide reliable and distance-independent high-speed connections even at remote locations without high-bandwidth infrastructure.

On point-to-point transmission, the transmission method originally employed on, satellites face increasing competition from

fiber optic cables, so point-to-multipoint transmission increasingly becomes the ruling satellite technology. Point-to-multipoint transmission enables the quick implementation of private networks consisting of

very small aperture terminals (VSAT). Such networks are independent and make mobile access possible.

In the future, satellites will become stronger, cheaper and their orbits will be lower; their services might become as common as satellite TV is today.

For more information about satellites, see How Satellites Work (

http://octopus.gma.org/surfing/satellites) and the Tech Museum's satellite site (http://www.thetech.org/hyper/satellite).

http://www.whatis.com/vsat.htm

http://octopus.gma.org/surfing/satellites

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