Table: Media References to Major U.S. Think Tanks Think Tank Political Orientation Number of Media Citations 1995 Number of Media Citations 1996 Number of Media Citations 1997 Brookings Institution U.S. Centrist 2192 2196 2296 Heritage Foundation U.S. Conservative 2268 1779 1813 American Enterprise Institute U.S. Conservative 1297 1401 1323 Cato Institute U.S. Conservative/libertarian 1163 1136 1286 RAND Corporation U.S. Center-right 795 826 865 Council on Foreign Relations U.S. Centrist 747 727 755 Center for Strategic and International Studies U.S. Conservative 612 586 668 Urban Institute U.S. Center-left 749 655 610 Economic Policy Institute U.S. Progressive 399 452 576 Freedom Forum U.S. Centrist 496 625 531 Hudson Institute U.S. Conservative 354 396 481 Institute for International Economics U.S. Centrist 410 288 438 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities U.S. Progressive - 359 425 Hoover Institution U.S. Conservative 570 350 355 Carnegie Endowment U.S. Centrist 517 502 352 Competitive Enterprise Institute U.S. Conservative 298 205 290 Manhattan Institute U.S. Conservative 254 227 261 Progressive Policy Institute U.S. Centrist 455 279 251 International Institute for Strategic Studies U.S. Conservative 177 145 177 Institute for Policy Studies U.S. Progressive 161 110 172 Worldwatch Institute U.S. Progressive 201 186 168 Center for Defense Information U.S. Progressive 136 187 158 Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies U.S. Center-left 255 228 158 Progress and Freedom Foundation U.S. Conservative 570 234 122 Reason Foundation U.S. Conservative/libertarian 229 133 92

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Examples of Mainly Corporate Funded Think Tanks: Cato Institute Founded in 1977 the Cato Institutes 1998 budget made up US$ 11 million. Its funding consists of corporate and private donations (especially from corporations and executives in the highly regulated industries of financial services, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals industries) and sales of publications. Catos corporate donors include tobacco firms: Philip Morris (Rupert Murdoch sits on Philip Morris board of directors) and R.J. Reynolds. Financial firms: American Express, Chase Manhattan Bank, Chemical Bank, Citicorp/Citibank, Commonwealth Fund, Prudential Securities and Salomon Brothers. Energy conglomerates: Chevron Companies, Exxon Company, Shell Oil Company and Tenneco Gas, as well as the American Petroleum Institute, Amoco Foundation and Atlantic Richfield Foundation. Furthermore the Cato Institute is funded by pharmaceutical firms: Eli Lilly & Company, Merck & Company and Pfizer, Inc., foundations, like Koch, Lambe and Sarah Scaife and companies from the telecommunications sector: Bell Atlantic Network Services, BellSouth Corporation, Microsoft, NYNEX Corporation, Sun Microsystems and Viacom.

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War on Anti-Poverty Programs One of the most violent attacks undertaken by conservative U.S. think tanks has been on the federal anti-poverty programs. Beginning in the 1980s the Manhattan Institute sponsored and promoted two publications that urged the elimination of the federal anti-poverty program. "Wealth and Poverty", concluded that poverty was the result of personal irresponsibility, while "Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950 - 1980", observed that anti-poverty programs reduced marriage incentives, discouraged workers form accepting low-wage jobs, and encouraged unintended births among low income teenage and adult women. These books were followed by Lawrence Mead's "Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship", which blamed governments for perpetuating poverty by not requiring welfare recipients to work. Other conservative grantees have used their funds for more than a decade to spread this kind of conservative political rhetoric and policy opinion through major media and conservative-controlled print and broadcast outlets. The redefinition of the problem and the demonization of the poor finally culminated in the passage of the welfare reform in 1996. The conservative anti-poor crusade not only led to cuts in federal anti-poverty spending, but also eliminated the only federal program guaranteeing cash assistance to poor women and their children.

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Examples of Mainly Corporate Funded Think Tanks: Manhattan Institute The Manhattan Institute, founded by William Casey, who later became President Reagan's CIA director, besides subsidies from a number of large conservative foundations has gained funding from such corporate sources as: The Chase Manhattan Bank, Citicorp, Time Warner, Procter & Gamble and State Farm Insurance, as well as the Lilly Endowment and philantropic arms of American Express, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CIGNA and Merrill Lynch. Boosted by major firms, the Manhattan Institute budget reached US$ 5 million a year by the early 1990s.

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