Introduction: The Substitution of Human Faculties with Technology: Powered Machines The development of the steam engine in 1776 represented a major advance in the construction of powered machines and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Powered engines and machines soon became common and led to the first extensive mechanization of manufacturing processes. The development of large-scale machine production on one hand decreased the demand for craftsmen and increased the demand for semiskilled and unskilled workers and on the other altered the nature of the work process from one mainly depending on physical power to one primarily dominated by technology.

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Backbone Networks Backbone networks are central networks usually of very high bandwidth, that is, of very high transmitting capacity, connecting regional networks. The first backbone network was the NSFNet run by the National Science Federation of the United States.

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