Biometric applications: surveillance

Biometric technologies are not surveillance technologies in themselves, but as identification technologies they provide an input into surveillance which can make such as face recognition are combined with camera systems and criminal data banks in order to supervise public places and single out individuals.

Another example is the use of biometrics technologies is in the supervision of probationers, who in this way can carry their special hybrid status between imprisonment and freedom with them, so that they can be tracked down easily.

Unlike biometric applications in access control, where one is aware of the biometric data extraction process, what makes biometrics used in surveillance a particularly critical issue is the fact that biometric samples are extracted routinely, unnoticed by the individuals concerned.

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Public Relations and the Advertising Industry

The public relations industry, the same as advertising, is concentrated in the hands of few dominant firms. Still, the striking element about corporate public relations is that PR firms are tightly related to advertising companies. Nine out of the ten biggest international PR agencies have close ties with the advertising industry. Also, looking at the largest acquisitions involving U.S. PR firms from 1997 to 1999 it is apparent that money coming from advertising agencies has played an important role.


Table: Top 10 PR Firms 1998

Rank 1998

 PR Firm

 Advertising Agency Related

 1998 Net Fees (in U.S. $)

 1997 - 1998 % Change
1

 Burson-Marsteller

 yes

 258,417,000

 4.2
2

 Hill and Knowlton

 yes

 206,000,000

 8.9
3

 Porter Novelli Int.

 yes

 183,050,000

 23.6
4

 Shandwick

 yes

 170,300,000

 7.3
5

 Fleishman-Hillard

 yes

 160,692,000

 19.1.
6

 Edelman PR Worldwide

 no

 157,840,530

 18.1
7

 Ketchum

 yes

 125,248,000

 29.6
8

 BSMG Worldwide

 yes

 118,963,000

 93.0
9

 Weber PR Worldwide

 yes

 83,166,000

 36.2
10

 GCI/APCO

 yes

 79,667,957

 28.4



With many PR agencies sold to advertising companies, the advertising industry's influence further increases; enabling them to offer their clients not only advertising services, but also know-how in marketing, public opinion, crisis and issues management and political lobbying.

Table: Acquisition of PR Agencies (1997 - 1999)

Acquired Company

 Buyer

 Buyers Industry

 Estimated Purchase Price (in millions of U.S. $)
International PR

 Interpublic Group of Cos.

 Advertising

 230
Fleishman-Hillard

 Omicom Group

 Advertising

 85
Ketchum

 Omnicom Group

 Advertising

 60
Dewe Rogerson

 Incepta

 Advertising

 40
Financial Rel. Bd.

 BSMG/TN

 Public Relations

 33
Weber PR

 Interpublic Group of Cos.

 Advertising

 15
Alexander

 WPP Group

 Advertising

 15
Charles Barker

 BSMG/TN

 Public Relations

 15


Source: Odwyerpr.com.

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Invention

According to the WIPO an invention is a "... novel idea which permits in practice the solution of a specific problem in the field of technology." Concerning its protection by law the idea "... must be new in the sense that is has not already been published or publicly used; it must be non-obvious in the sense that it would not have occurred to any specialist in the particular industrial field, had such a specialist been asked to find a solution to the particular problem; and it must be capable of industrial application in the sense that it can be industrially manufactured or used." Protection can be obtained through a patent (granted by a government office) and typically is limited to 20 years.

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Cutting

The cutting of pictures in movies or photographs is highly manipulative: it is easy to produce a new video out of an already existing one. The result is a form of manipulation that is difficult to contradict. A reputation destroyed by this, is nearly impossible to heal.

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