Public Relations and Propaganda Public relations usually is associated with the influencing of public opinion. Therefore it has subsequently been linked with propaganda. Using one of the many definitions of propaganda "... the manipulation of symbols as a means of influencing attitudes on controversial matters" (Harold D. Lasswell), the terms propaganda and PR seem to be easily interchangeable. Still many authors explicitly distinguish between public relations, advertising and propaganda. Unlike PR, which is often described as objective and extensive information of the public, advertising and propaganda are associated with manipulative activities. Nevertheless to treat public relations and propaganda as equivalents stands in the tradition of PR. Edward L. Bernays, one of the founders of public relations wrote "The only difference between propaganda and education, really, is the point of view. The advocacy of what we believe in is education. The advocacy of what we don't believe is propaganda." Also institutions like the German Bundeswehr use the terms publics relations and propaganda synonymously. After a 1990 legislation of the former minister of defense Stoltenberg, the "psychological influence of the enemy" was ceased during peace time and the Academy for Psychological Defense renamed to Academy for Information and Communication, among other things responsible for scientific research in the field of public relations.

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Misawa Air Base Latitude: 40.771, Longitude: 141.3776 Misawa Air Base is located in Misawa City, on the shores of Lake Ogawara in northeastern Honshu, Japan's main island. The Department of Defense presence at Misawa includes more than 15,000 military and civilian personnel and family members, including 4500 military personnel. The installation has experienced significant growth and development over the past ten years. From Misawa the NSA monitors Russian and other regional communications satellites. The Misawa Passive Radio Frequency (RF) space surveillance site tracks satellites using RF signal emmisions to compute angle of arrival observations. This site provides coverage of geosynchronous satellites utilizing the Deep Space Tracking System (DSTS). http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/misawa.htm http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm...

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Sugar Grove Station Latitude: 38.497387 Longitude: -79.273876 Sugar Grove Naval Communications Facility, near Sugar Grove, WV, intercepts Pacific INTELSAT/COMSAT satellite communications traffic routed through the COMSAT ground station at Etam, WV. This facility has four antenna, with diameters of 9.2, 18.5, 32.3 and 46 meters. Source: http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html

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