some essential definitions some essential definitions in the field of cryptography are: - cryptoanalysis - cryptology - ciphers "Few false ideas have more firmly gripped the minds of so many intelligent men than the one that, if they just tried, they could invent a cipher that no one could break." (David Kahn) codes plaintext ciphertext to encipher/encode to decipher/decode The variants of encryption systems are endless. For deciphering there exists always the same game of trial and error (first guessing the encryption method, then the code). A help to do so is pruning. Once, after a more or less long or short period a code/cipher breaks. Monoalphabetic ciphers can be broken easily and of course are no longer used today but for games. for further information on codes and ciphers etc. see: http://www.optonline.com/comptons/ceo/01004A.html http://www.ridex.co.uk/cryptology/#_Toc439908851

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Sponsorship Models With new sponsorship models being developed, even further influence over content from the corporate side can be expected. Co-operating with Barnes & Nobel Booksellers, the bookish e-zine FEED for instance is in part relying on sponsoring. Whenever a specific title is mentioned in the editorial, a link is placed in the margin - under the heading "Commerce" - to an appropriate page on Barnes & Noble. Steve Johnson, editor of FEED, says "We do not take a cut of any merchandise sold through those links.", but admits that the e-zine does indirectly profit from putting those links there.

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The Advertising Industry The advertising industry is dominated by three huge advertising networks, which offer their services throughout the world. Gross income of the three leading agencies is twice as much, as the one of places four to ten. Table: World's Top 10 Advertising Organizations 1999 (figures in millions of U.S. dollars) Rank 1999 Advertising Organization Headquarters World-Wide Gross Income 1999 1 Omnicom New York, USA $ 5,743.4 2 Interpublic Group of Cos. New York, USA $ 5,079.3 3 WPP Group London, UK $ 4,819.3 4 Havas Advertising Levallois-Perret, France $ 2,385.1 5 Dentsu Tokyo, Japan $ 2,106.8 6 B Com3 Group Chicago, USA $ 1,933.8 7 Young & Rubicam Inc. New York, USA $ 1,870.1 8 Grey Advertising New York, USA $ 1,577.9 9 True North Chicago, USA $ 1,489.2 10 Publicis SA Paris, France $ 1,434.6 Table: Top 10 Global Marketers 1998 (figures in millions of U.S. dollars) Rank 1998 Advertiser Headquarters World-Wide Media Spending 1998 1 Procter & Gamble Co. Cincinnati (US) $ 4,747.6 2 Unilever Rotterdam (NL)/London (UK) $ 3,428.5 3 General Motors Corp. Detroit (US) $ 3,193.5 4 Ford Motor Co. Darborn (US) $ 2,229.5 5 Philip Morris Cos. New York $ 1,980.3 6 Daimler Chrysler Stuttgart (GER)/Auburn Hills (US $ 1,922.2 7 Nestle Vevey (SUI) $ 1,833.0 8 Toyota Motor Corp. Toyota City (JP) $ 1,692.4 9 Sony Corp. Tokyo (JP) $ 1,337.7 10 Coca-Cola Co. Atlanta (US) $ 1,327.3 On the other hand the three biggest advertisers only spend about US$ 2 millions less than places four to ten together. Whereas money spent on advertising in traditional media comes from very diverse categories, companies offering computer hard- and software, peripherals or Internet services mainly pay for on-line advertisements. Table: Top 10 Internet Advertisers 1998 (figures in millions of U.S. dollars) Rank 1998 Advertiser Internet Spending 1998 1998 - 1997 % Change 1 Microsoft Corp. $ 34.9 9.4 2 IBM Corp. $ 28.5 58.6 3 Compaq Computer Corp. $ 16.2 169.8 4 General Motors Corp. $ 12.7 84.8 5 Excite $ 12.4 1.5 6 Infoseek Corp. $ 9.3 22.3 7 AT&T Corp. $ 9.3 43.5 8 Ford Motor Co. $ 8.6 46.7 9 Hewlett-Packard Co. $ 8.1 102.9 10 Barnes & Noble $ 7.6 280.2 Source: Advertising Age

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Backbone Networks Backbone networks are central networks usually of very high bandwidth, that is, of very high transmitting capacity, connecting regional networks. The first backbone network was the NSFNet run by the National Science Federation of the United States.

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Critical Art Ensemble Critical Art Ensemble is a collective of five artists of various specializations dedicated to exploring the intersections between art, technology, radical politics, and critical theory. CAE have published a number of books and carried out innovative art projects containing insightful and ironic theoretical contributions to media art. Projects include Addictionmania, Useless Technology, The Therapeutic State, Diseases of Consciousness, Machineworld, As Above So Below, and Flesh Machine. http://www.critical-art.net

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1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) The 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, which focused on taking steps to protect copyright "in the digital age" among other provisions 1) makes clear that computer programs are protected as literary works, 2) the contracting parties must protect databases that constitute intellectual creations, 3) affords authors with the new right of making their works "available to the public", 4) gives authors the exclusive right to authorize "any communication to the public of their works, by wire or wireless means ... in such a way that members of the public may access these works from a place and at a time individually chosen by them." and 5) requires the contracting states to protect anti-copying technology and copyright management information that is embedded in any work covered by the treaty. The WCT is available on: http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/diplconf/distrib/94dc.htm http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/diplconf/dis...

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